Management Report on E

Executive Summary In Aurgust 2006, 68 million Internet users have mistaken the company’s official website for YouTube, a popular online video site. This has caused severe interruptions in the workings of the company’s official website, causing an eventual shutdown.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adding a new server did not help. The company had to add more capacity. Another side of the problem, which might eventually prove to be a windfall, is that Google plans to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion. Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide the most sound solutions to given problem, taking into account the latest e-commerce management issues as those are related to given problem. One asssumption made in this report, is that the company, Universal Tube Rollform Equipment Corporation, has a large network of business con tacts. The brief overview of report’s contents can be found in the â€Å"Table of Contents†. Advice to CEO This problem presents an opportunity for company’s diversification. This is explored in more detail in the section of this report entitled â€Å"Advantages Stemming Out of the Given Problem.†Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But diversification is a long-term goal, meaning that it should be considered only after more basic steps have been taken. The first of them would be to email customers. Those emails would tell customers the nature of the problem and also express our company’s deep concern. They might also contain the name of the new domain, the name of which is suggested in the paragraph below. Considering the facts that â€Å"eighty percent of business conducted on the Net today takes place between firms†¦ rather than with individual consumers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.493), and that Universal Tube â€Å"sells used machines that make tubes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508), it becomes evident that the company’s large network of business contacts means that the most important of its partners and customers can be reached via the official emails of their companies. Thus, the current situation does not pose any serious risks, because the very fact that it has been identified implies many ways of correcting it; not to mention an even brighter side of this issue, which lies in the fact that the established companies usually eschew â€Å"the medium of a large buyer exchange† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). In our case, it means that the company might need to establish a temporary website which would provide services to the selected customers. This website might even take a form of â€Å"members only† platform, in which only the customers with previously issued usernames and passwords would be allowed. This would help create a feeling of closeness and would promote customer loyalty.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another way of alleviating the difficulties of given case and promoting customer loyalty would be to hire additional call center personnel and work with company’s most loyal customers through the phone. This is especially important considering the fact that â€Å"despite conducting business over the Internet, many customers want to follow up with telephone calls† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). Our case has illustrated this tendency, as at the climax of this problem, â€Å"at least 50 customers called during the week to point out the problem† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508). While the costs of hiring additional personnel may be significant, they can keep the company from losing its most loyal customers. Those 50 customers who have called do seem loyal, because they could have easily accessed the website of some other company which offers the same services. Yet another way of alleviating the difficulties of given case would be â€Å"to obtain a domain name, such as one ending in ‘.co.uk’ for Britain. Several surveys indicate that up to 80 percent of Europeans shop first at Web sites with local domains† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). This would help the company’s long-term profitability, while establishing a more reliable-looking domain name. My another advice to CEO would be to talk to the press in order to increase the mass media coverage of given problem, so that more people might learn about it.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its beneficial impact would be that of increasing the number of people who know about the given issue, thereby driving additional traffic to the website and increasing the number of â€Å"hits†. Thus, the website’s value would increase and the company would be able to sell its domain name for an even bigger sum of money. Thus, I would advise the company to try to sell its domain. However, before doing so, it might be beneficial to expand its operations by filing a lawsuit and thus attracting more mass media coverage. But while doing this, it would be also necessary to send a number of emails and letters to the regular customers, informing them about the establishment of new website, â€Å"utubeequipment.com† – thus, I woud suggest the establishment of new website with the given name, which is especially opportune in that most of the people, at least in terms of its customers, regard the company as the maker of â€Å"machines that make tubes† (DuBri n, 2009, p.508). A creative solution to finding the best option among the above-mentioned ones woud be to directly ask the consumers which of the above options of solving the problem they prefer. This could be done through the survey, which would be located on the temporary website built for its selected, most loyal customers. Thus, since they have already shown their loyalty, they might as well show more of their loyalty by opting to participate in the survey, which could also be conducted through the phone. However, the online version of survey seems less intrusive and more cost-effective, especially considering the relatively inexpensive cost of online surveys, even when those are conducted by Survey Monkey or Zoomerang, â€Å"two most popular online survey providers† (West, 2008). To be more exact, â€Å"Zoomerang†¦ has a professional subscription of $599 a year and allows you to use your own in-house list†¦ while SurveyMonkey†¦ costs $19.95 a month for a professional subscription but has a free standard package† (West, 2008). The fact that â€Å"80 percent of the Fortune 100 have active SurveyMonkey subscriptions† (West, 2008), seems to attest to the fact they do provide significant benefits. While all of the above proposed solutions may seem costly, it is necessary to understand that â€Å"there are many pieces you need to build before you can make money online† (Kha, 2000,.p.24). Universal Tube Versus Google The costs of litigation may be significant. However, considering the fact that â€Å"Google†¦. plans to buy YouTube for $US1.65 billion,† the litigation may yield significant profits, and will most likely result in at least partial compensation of company’s damages, since the company’s domain name, www.utube.com, has been established earlier than that of YouTube. In addition, the results of similar case involving the domain name,www.delta.com, seem to point out to the great likelih ood of at least partial compensation. Therefore, the company should pursue legal action against the owner of YouTube. Advantages Stemming Out of the Given Problem There are two major ways in which Universal Tube can capitalize on the confusion created by YouTube visitors: advertisement and diversification. Revenue from advertisement can become a second form of income for Universal Tube. Taking into account the fact that Universal Tube â€Å"has about $12 million in annual sales† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508), it is clear that the revenue from advertisement cannot become the company’s main source of income. However, the revenue from advertisement can supplement the company’s main source of income. Thus, Parmy Olson, â€Å"London Bureau Chief at Forbes.com† (Forbes 2011), writes that â€Å"one wonders if it might have been worth finding the extra cash to sustain utube.com, considering most online advertisers would likely come stampeding at the sound of 68 million hits a month (Olson, 2006).† Another windfall, which stems from the above one and can be likewise taken advantage of, is the company’s diversification, which seems to have been already spurred without any costs. Thus, the company will need to take very few steps in order to capitalize on its benefits. Moreover, there is a wide variety of noted economists who support an idea of diversification. Three of them, Sam Kirschner, Eldon Mayer, and Lee Kessler, have co-authored a highly acclaimed book called The Investor’s Guide to Hedge Funds (2006), in which they write that â€Å"diversification†¦. is at the heart of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and drives contemporary portfolio construction and optimization† (p.16). Moreover, the Markowitz model, which lies at the core of MPT and for which its authors have received the Nobel Prize, â€Å"establishes that the risk of a portfolio is lower than the average of the risks of each asset taken individually and gi ves quantitative evidence of the contribution of diversificaton† (Amenc and Le Sourd, 2003 p.77). The theoretical economists, however, are not the only ones who believe in the benefits of diversification. The vast majority of companies believe in the benefits of diversification too. Thus, Gary E. Clayton, a noted economist who has taught economics at various colleges and universities, writes in his economics textbook, Economics: Principles and Practices (1999), that â€Å"firms believe that if they do not ‘put all their eggs in one basket,’ their overall sales will be protected† (p.65). It is indeed true. In our case, the diversification has been virtually effectuated. Thus, our firm can save on the costs. It is especially easy with Google AdSense, which, according to its official website â€Å"is a free program that empowers online publishers to earn revenue by displaying relevant ads on a wide variety of online content†(Google). Thus, it is free an d can be easily utilized without any major investments. It’s additonal advantage is that it is widely used and thus seems to be reliable. Indeed, Ross Walker, â€Å"an assistant research professor with the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at UC San Diego†(San Diego Supercomputer Center, 2011), writes on his personal website that â€Å"Google AdSense is the current leader in content-sensitive web-based marketing† (Walker, 2010). However, Google AdSense is not the only program that allows to earn revenue by means of displaying ads on one’s website. There are many different alternative programs, some of which include AdBrite, Bidvertiser, Chitika, Infolinks, Pocket Cents, and Dynamic Oxygen. After having examined their relative benefits, however, I have come to conclusion that the most competitive online advertising solution next to Google AdSense is AdBrite, because it alllows â€Å"to monetize all traffic to your site, not just traffic that clicks on your ads†¦. and has more relaxed terms and conditions than Adsense† (Walker, 2010). Thus, it would be beneficial to try both AdSense and AdBrite. What is especially important to note about this type of revenue is that it is not correlated to company’s main source of revenue – â€Å"used machines that make tubes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508). Thus, it can increase the company’s borrowing power. It is especially evident when one considers the opinion of â€Å"Diamond (1984), who has forcefully argued that diversification may bring substantial incentive benefits when projects are independent†¦ † by letting â€Å"the borrower†¦ cross-pledge the incomes of various projects† (Tirole, 2006, p.158). However, this type of revenue is not a necessary consequence of just having the website running. While all of the above solutions and their beneficial effects might be easy to reach, their implementation can be tricky. Thus, it is necessar y to understant exactly how the web advertisement business will be integrated into the old business. It migh be even necessary to rethink the whole business model and Internet strategy. What is especially important to understand is the branding aspect of it, as â€Å"being everything to everybody in the digital economy is fruitless (Kha, 2000,.p.42)†. Thus, it would be necessary to identify a certain niche of companies that would be interested in cooperation. Hazards of E-commerce Before going into the discussion of e-commerce hazards, as those are related to given problem, it is imporant to note that e-commerce has in many ways become an indelible part of our everyday life. Not only we go to Web for news and other pieces of information, be it stock quotes or news, but we also go to Web for such essential things as bank statements. This shows that no matter how dangerous e-commerce is, it is still the future, or at least so the statistics show, as†Goldman Sachs’ estimate of the total value of e-commerce in 2004 was $3.48 Trillion† (Lincolnshire Chamber of Commerce, 2007). Another statistical indicator of the same trend is that â€Å"according to Shop.org, retails sales in general are growing about 3 percent per year, where online growth is in double digits† (DuBrin, 2009, p.493). Thus, overall, the data seems to support the opinion of Effy Oz, former â€Å"Professor of Management Science and Information Systems at the Pennsylvania State University† (Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies, 2008), who wrote that â€Å"Web technologies have been integrated into the business world to a degree that makes it difficult at times to realize which activites take place inside the organization and which involve information flowing from other places through the Internet. We have become so accustomed to the integration of the Web into our daily activities, especially the commercial ones, that the lines betwee n commerce and e-commerce have been blurred† ( p.301).† It is also important to note that â€Å"virtually every large industrial firm has its own Web site,† (DuBrin, 2009, p.496) from which it is reaping enormous benefits. Therefore, Universal Tube Rollform Equipment Corporation should keep its website, no matter what the costs are and no matter whether the company can keeps its current domain name or not. Another important aspect of this case that should be mentioned before embarking onto the description of hazards of e-commerce, is that the complexity of given case stems out of the limitations of current legal system. Indeed, Jacqueline D. Lipton, â€Å"Professor of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law† (DePaul University College of Law, 2009), wrote that it â€Å"raises questions as to how effectively current laws and policies deal with situations where two different companies assert similar interests in one or more domain names.† (2008, p.510). This case is not the new one, however, so one should look at previous case in order to come to better solutions for the given case. Indeed, â€Å"there have been many examples since the inception of the domain name system where several parties with legitimate claims to similar trademarks have battled for corresponding domain names, such as delta.com† (Lipton, 2008, p.510). Now that we know the context of this case, it is time to consider the hazards of e-commerce as those are related to this case One of the hazard’s of e-commerce that this case shows is that of the â€Å"increased demands placed on managers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.482). While it may seem like something else than â€Å"hazard†, it really is a hazard in that it threatens to destroy the firm’s credibility in case the management does not find a proper solution. Thus, this hazard tests managers’ ability to adapt, which is a wider reflection of the fact that â€Å"infor mation technology itself changes so rapidly that managers must adapt themselves to the changes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.482). Another hazard of e-commerce that this case shows is that of the â€Å"deterioration of customer service† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). Thus, some people, having typed â€Å"you† instead of â€Å"u†, got to the wrong website and were very baffled to find something completely else. Even though it might seem to be a problem caused by the customer, at least in that it has stemmed out of his or her inattention, it really is not the issue here, because in the marketplace the customer is king. No wonder then that â€Å"an extensive investigation into self-service technologies uncovered several areas of customer discontent† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). This seems to point out yet another hazard of e-commerce. Yet another hazard of e-commers stems from of the previous one: â€Å"dealing with baffled consumers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). It is a hazar d in that it can lead to the loss of potential clients and/or current customers, in case the baffled customers are not taken care of and their problems solved. Conclusion It is clear that the windfalls of given case significantly outweigh the problems associated with it. The ways for utilizing those windfalls are indicated in the list of recommendations. List of Recommendations (in the order of steps decreasing urgency): Emailing customers companie’s apology and explanation of the situation Establishment of temporary website for selected customers Hiring additional call center personnel Diversification via online advertisement Interviews to mass media Initiation of litigation against the owner of YouTube Sale of original domain name. Reference List Amenc, Noel and Le Sourd, Veronique. (2003). Portfolio theory and performance analysis. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. Clayton, Gary E. (1999) Economics: principles and practices.Westerville, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. DePaul University College of Law. (2009). Jacqueline D. Lipton. Available from: http://www.law.depaul.edu/centers_institutes/ciplit/niro_symposium_09/lipton.asp . DuBrin, A. (2009) Essentials of management. USA, South-Western Cengage Learning. Forbes. (2011) Available from: http://www.forbes.com/fdc/bios/new/parmyolson.html . Google. Google AdSense. www.google.com/adsense . Lincolnshire Chamber of Commerce. E-Commerce – Business to Consumer (B2C) Business to Business (B2B). Available from: http://www.lincs-chamber.co.uk/images/stories/E-Commerce%20-%20Business%20to%20Consumer%20_B2C_%20%20Business%20to%20Busine.pdf . Kirschne, Sam et al. (2006) The investor’s guide to hedge funds. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. Kha, Le. (2000). Critical Success Factors for Business-to-Consumer E-business: Lessons from Amazon and Dell. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries [online] Available from: http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28223/45745438.pdf?sequence%5Cu003d1 . Lipton, Jacquel ine D. (2008) A Winning Solution for Youtube and Utube? Corresponding Trademarks and Domain Name Sharing. Harvard Journal of Law Technology[online]. Volume 21, Number 2 Spring 2008. Available from: http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v21/21HarvJLTech509.pdf . Olson, Parmy. (2006) UTube Vs. YouTube: It Gets Ugly. Forbes[online]. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/2006/11/02/youtube-utube-google-legal-cx_po_1102markets06.html . Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies. (2008) Effy Oz. Available from: http://galletta.business.pitt.edu/tributes/EffyOz.html . Tirole, Jean. (2006) The theory of corporate finance. Princeton, Princeton University Press. San Diego Supercomputer Center. (2011) Ross Walker wins Outstanding Junior Faculty Award. Available from: http://www.sdsc.edu/News%20Items/PR033011_rwalker.html . Walker, Ross. (2010) The Top 10 Alternatives to Google Adsense. Available from: http://www.rosswalker.co.uk/adsense_top10/ . West, Lena. (2008) Surv ey Says†¦Online Feedback Key to Success. Ecommerce-guide.com [online} Available from: http://www.ecommerce-guide.com/resources/article.php/3632576/Survey-SaysOnline-Feedback-Key-to-Success.htm . This report on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. was written and submitted by user Braxton House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Poe On Setting essays

Poe On Setting essays Edgar Allan Poe creatively uses setting in The Cask of Amontillado and The Fall of the House of Usher. The narrators in Cask and Usher describe settings that produce a dark and gloomy vision in our minds. Poes use of setting also seems to enhance the morbidity of Montresor in Cask, and Roderick Usher in Usher. The vivid use of setting in Cask and Usher create a sense of horror that compliments the outcomes in both stories. In Usher Poes use of setting gives us images of a deteriorating existence of the Usher mansion and the two remaining Ushers, Roderick and Madeline. The imagery Poe uses describes the Ushers and their home disintegrating from within, and as the mansion collapses physically, the Ushers are suffering a similar fate mentally. The narrators description of the Usher mansion is not one of where a prominent family would reside, but more of a seen from the 1960s sitcom The Munsters . While describing his feeling upon arriving at the Usher home the narrator expresses the emotions that filled him from his first glimpse of the decaying structure. There was an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart-an unredeemed dreariness of thought which no goading of the imagination could torture into aught of the sublime (paragraph 1). The narrators description of the house and property of the Usher estate sounds like a condemned prisoner on deathwatch, awaiting his fate. Upon the bleak walls-upon the vacant eye like windows-upon a few rank sedges-and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees (paragraph 1) is the vision the narrator sets up for us as the story begins. When the narrator first sees his childhood friend Roderick Usher, he feels the greeting presented to him i ...

Metrics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metrics - Research Paper Example Hence, the company would implement the HR metrics in order to develop proper total reward program (Carlson & Kavanagh, 2013). This paper would illustrate the various crucial metrics that will enable Amazon Inc to depict the potential employees to be rewarded under the total rewards program of the organisation. Contextually, the organisation will implement human capital value added metrics, turnover cost, prorating merit increases and absence rate among others. Discussion A company cannot be able to operate efficiently in the absence of a dedicated and efficient workforce. Contextually, this aspect influences them to encourage employees with rewards of various kinds under their total rewards programs. In this stand, it will further enable them to have maximum retention and satisfaction of workforce. Amazon Inc employs thousands of employees, for executing its operations worldwide. Correspondingly, a total rewards program will need to be developed with the help of the result obtained f rom the computation of various HR metrics. The first HR metrics that needs to be computed is the rate of absence in Amazon. Measuring the rate of absenteeism among the employees will enable the organisation to depict its current position with regard to employee health and other aspects that led to increased absenteeism. It would also be vital to mention that increased percentage of absence rate will directly impact the productivity, efficiency and quality of work of an organisation in a negative manner. The metrics of absence rate will enable the company to acquire data about the present rate of absence in the organisation along with the reason for same. It has been noted that, augmented rate of employee absence is at times owing to the reason of lack of satisfaction among the employees which, further arise from lack of proper reward. Hence, Amazon Inc would be able to design the total reward program with regard to overcoming the reason that leads to dissatisfaction of the employees (Hauser & Katz, 1998). Subsequently, the company will also require calculating the HR metrics of Human capital value added with regard to developing a proper reward program. Analysis of these matrices will enable the company to acquire data regarding the value added by an employee to the organisation. In this stand, this metrics will further enable the company to frame its total reward strategy in accordance to the value each and every employee ensures for the organisation. Additionally, with the computation of the prorating merit increases metrics of Amazon Inc., it will enable the organization to acquire data that will ensure hike to be given to an employee depending on the tenure of his/her work with the organisation. This analysis would be valuable for the company in order to determine the total reward program for the employees working within the company (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2011). Correspondingly, in addition to these aspects, Amazon Inc. might also implement the HR mat rices of turnover cost, which will enable them to know about the loss that the company incurred by losing a particular employee. These matrices will also depict the cost, which the company invested on recruitment, selection and training needs of an employee. Subsequently, the

The impact of cultural diversity on employee performance of Research Proposal

The impact of cultural diversity on employee performance of transnational corporatiosn TCNs in algeria - Research Proposal Example People’s age, culture, and gender make them perceive the world in different ways. These perceptions are a key to creative thinking, which, in turn, is the key to successful performance of the organization. In real sense, diversity should not be taken to be a problem but instead it should be taken as an advantage. To excel, the organizations must comprehend and use the traditions, skills and backgrounds of a diverse staff (Mazur & Bialostocka 2010). In reality, diversity endows businesses a key benefit in the marketplace. Our wider range of standpoints offers a spectrum of talents – painstaking craftsmanship, for instance, which can enhance many aspects of processes and product research. Diversity assists when: you are doing marketing internationally; negotiating with customers from abroad; launching a drive to a new population – whether international or domestic (Cox & Blake 1991). Cultural diversity has a positive impact on the company performance in regards to revenue generation and profitability as well as non financial growth of the company (Hartenian and Gudmundson 2000) and therefore management should focus on managing diversity rather than minimizing diversity. Organization practice diversity for various reasons such as compliance with the law but a good manager should encourage diversity since it’s advantageous to the company since it pools together people with different capabilities. Diversity represent different concept to many people and therefore there is need to identify specific aspects of diversity in regard to specific organization. Once you understand cultural diversity, your company can appeal to a wider base of staff, and that in turn will enhance you staffing. As you make diversity a key part of policy and measures, it is imperative to work at all degrees and in every department (Cooley & Lewkowicz 2004). Plan strategically at top management levels to incorporate multiethnic motivating and managing; recruit distin ct leaders not just employees; train supervisors in multiethnic skills; review selection and interviewing selection procedures (Cox & Beale 1997). The principals enhancing cultural diversity include: reducing inequality, cultural diversity and encouraging participation. Valuing diversity involves fostering a community that appreciates the benefits and values of a culturally diverse and rich society (Cooley & Lewkowicz 2004). This involves in the active promotion of respect, discouraging racism, harmony and negative stereotyping. Reducing disparity entails recognizing the right of people of varying national ethnic and religious backgrounds to exercise share, and enjoy their culture. Encouraging participation involves availing opportunities for all people to fully participate in public and civil life (Tiedt & Tiedt 1995). Employee performance is influenced by many factors including the following: family; knowledge and skills; adaptability; support from superiors; health; social values ; workplace; and ethics. Most past research has focused on the influence of these factors on performance of employees in diverse organizations. However, little effort has been placed on the influence of cultural diversity on the performance of staff. In light of this, the present research seeks to fill this gap by determining the influence of cultural diversity on the performance of the employees of transnational corporations in Algeria (Ho 1996). This

United States Money History Essay Example for Free

United States Money History Essay Money is something societies have almost always had, whether it was in the form of trading, shells, or coins. Money is a currency of exchange, and exactly what is used as money doesn’t really matter, as long as the society agrees that it has value. In the United States, money has typically been coins made from precious metals or paper, all of which is backed by gold in the United States treasury. Around 1800 in the United States, the money system that is in place today was just beginning to be formed. At the beginning of the 1800’s, there was only one bank. By 1816, a second bank had begun, and it was chartered for twenty years. At this time, both coins and paper money were already being issued. When the charter was up on the second bank, about 1600 state-chartered private banks came into existence, and also issued paper currency, which was relatively new still (Pfiester). The â€Å"dollar† was already the official US currency, though, which had been issued in the late 1700’s (Factmonster). However, the paper money that the banks produced in the mid-1800’s was not standardized. Banks issued their own variety of money, which resulted in over 30,000 different designs. Money was easily counterfeited, and there was confusion in what was real money and what was not. By the late 1800’s, as the Civil War was gearing up, Congress was pressed into providing paper money via the US Treasury Department. These stayed in circulation until the 1970’s. This new money was designed with anti-counterfeiting measures, including blue and red fibers embedded in the money and the treasury seal (Pfiester). Until 1853, silver was the United States metal of choice. The silver dollar was the primary currency used. In 1853, the government replaced the silver dollar with the promise of gold. Dollar bills came out around this time, and other notes, with references to gold written on them (Davies). Until 1857, all foreign coins were considered legal currency in the United States, as most were made of precious metals like gold or silver. In 1857, the government finally decided that it had built enough support for its own currency that it did not need to accept these forms anymore. At this point, coins were only used for smaller exchanges anyway (Davies). In the early 1930’s, most currency had references to gold written on it. Gold was always used to back up money, and could be used instead of money if people owned some. A bank note, or dollar bill, was used as a promise that the government would pay. In fact, the phrase â€Å"Secured By United States Certificates Of Indebtedness Or One-Year Gold Notes, Deposited With The Treasurer Of The United States Of America† was printed on it. Gold continued to be a reference on the money through the printing of the 1928 $100 Gold Certificate. In 1934, the government stopped mentioning gold on all of the money, and made it illegal to own gold as currency (Privateer Market Letter). 1929 saw a standardization in design which, in combination with other measures, helped reduce the counterfeit rate from 25% of currency in circulation to only 1%. In 1990, microprinting and a security thread were added to further combat counterfeiting (Pfeister). Colors were introduced into the money in the early 2000’s, in addition to creating oversized pictures of presidents and placing them slightly off-center. Also, there was printing on the bills only visible under a microscope, then making it nearly impossible to counterfeit. Counterfeiting was a problem from the beginning of money, and as individuals got more sophisticated in their capabilities, Congress responded by issuing more measures against counterfeiting (Factmonster). Money has changed over the years, from being purely the trade of precious metals handled by private citizens or small local banks to being a nationally controlled system where bills and coins are backed by gold. The system developed out of necessity, primarily, and is useful still today. Money continues to change as the government issues new bills, different types of bills, and works to phase out the dollar bill, among other changes. The U. S. money history clearly lead to today’s money world. Bibliography Davies, Roy (2005). â€Å"Money in North American History. † Accessed December 17, 2006. Website: http://www. ex. ac. uk/~RDavies/arian/northamerica. html. â€Å"U. S. Money History (2005). † Fact Monster. Pearson Education, Inc. Accessed December 17, 2006. Website: http://www. factmonster. com/ipka/A0774856. html. Pfiester, Ron (2001). â€Å"History of US Paper Money. † Ron’s Currency. Accessed December 17, 2006. Website: http://www. ronscurrency. com/rhist. htm. â€Å"A History of U. S. Paper Money (2001). † The Privateer Market Letter. Accessed December 17, 2006. Website: http://www. the-privateer. com/paper. html.

School Views :: essays research papers

Students in America need a good education to keep our economy strong, and school is the best place to get it. Whether someone attends a private, public, or home school, they're all going to get an education, and that is what is important. However, there are certain factors that can detract from a student's ability to learn and perform in school. An overemphasis on sports is one of these. I know this is a tired subject and should have been buried long ago, but I cannot help but mention it. Some schools have a tendency to play favorites with big sports stars. While everyone sees this as wrong, everyone also does it. Whether or not it is a conscious decision is another matter altogether. But it always seems that some students get the short end of the stick in certain areas (schoolwork, disciple, etc.) while others are given break after lucky break. Do the athletes (or whoever the favored group may be, as is the case) deserve this? By participating in some activity, are the suddenly more valuable as a person? No. But the fact of the matter is, this has been going on and will likely continue until the next Ice Age. The only thing students can do is to try and point out the inequalities and force administrators and teachers to be a little fairer in their application of the school rules. However, this is not the only barrier students must face in their daily struggles to learn. Apathetic students and teachers present a considerable barrier. The only course of action here is to work around the problem students and teachers, and try and learn as much as possible. If a teacher cannot adequately teach their subject, help from other teachers in the same area or other students might be needed. If a teacher refuses to teach their subject, go and talk to your principal. No student should be forced to try and learn without the guidance of a teacher. But the barrier that takes the proverbial cake is administrators acting like gods upon their high thrones and lording their power over students. Students cannot be expected to learn where ideas are not freely discussed, nor is freedom of thought allowed. I can recall when a principal at my school once told teachers, "You are not to discuss the Columbine incident AT ALL." Keeping students ignorant and sheltered from the world is a disastrous course of action.

Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry II. Final Exam Your Name: Your Student Number: 110 Normal Points + 10 Bonus Points If you get 110 points out of 120 points, you will get the full 40% assigned to the midterm exam. Your scores 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Total: out of 25 out of 20 out of 20 out of 15 out of 20 out of 20 out of 120 * All the problems are connected. In other words, to solve the problem, you may need the information and/or answers given in other problems.All necessary information is basically given. Also please consult the supplementary material handed out to you. ) (25 pts) a) (6 pts) The translational energy states in a cubic container are given by the following equation. Derive the following equation for the molecular translational partition function. You will need the following integral relation. ? ? 0 e n 2 ? ? ? dn ? ? ? 4? ? ? ? ? 1/ 2 Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ? ( ) (? ) ( ) ( v ( ( ) ) ) ( a^3 =V ) ( ) b) (3 pts) If the vibrational energy levels are given as follows, (b-1) where is the zero of vibrational energy? (b-2) What approximation has been made regarding the vibrational motion? Answers) (b-1) The zero of vibrational energy is at the bottom of the internuclear potential well. 2 pts) (b-2) The vibrational motion is approximated as an harmonic oscillator. (1 pt) c) (6 pts) Derive the following equation for the molecular vibrational partition function. You will need the relation applicable when x is less than 1. ?xn ? ?0 ? ? 1 1? x Answers) ( ) ? ( ) ( ) ? ( ) ? ( ) ( ) d) (2 pts)If the molecular electronic partition function can be approximated as follows, where is the zero of electronic energy? Answers) The zero of the electronic energy is taken to be the separated atoms at rest in their electronic states (2 pts). ) (3 pts) If the molecular rotational partition function is given by the following equation, what assumptions have been made? Answers) 1) The molecule is approximated to be a rigid-rotor. (1 pt) 2) The temperature is much higher than the rotatio nal temperature. (2 pts) f) (5 pts, no partial points) Based on the answers and information given above, write down the equation for the molecular partition function of a diatomic molecule. Answers) ( No partial points. ) ( ) 2) (20 pts) a) (3 pts, no partial points)For a diatomic ideal gas, write down the relationship between the partition function (Q) and the molecular artition function (q). Answers) 3pts. No partial points. ( ) ( ) b) (7 pts) Derive the following equation. Answer) ? ( ) ( )( ) ? ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ? ( ) ( ) ( ) ? ( ( ) ) ) ( ? ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 pts) (4 pts) )( ( ) ( ) (7 pts) ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ( c) (5 pts) A is given as follows. Express S in terms of Q. Answers) Path1 (1 pt) (2 pts) ( ( ) ( 5 pts) ) Path2 ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? (2 pts) ? ? ? (3 pts) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (4 pts) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) (5 pts) d) (5 pts) Express S in terms of q. Use Stirling’s approximation (ln N! = N ln N – N). Answers) ( ) ( ( ) ) (2 pts) ( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) (5 pts) ) (20 pts) a) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(g) at 298. 15 K. (10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. 7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) Answers)For ( ) ( ) (3 pts) Then, ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. b) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(l) at 298. 15 K. The normal boiling point of Br2(l) is 332. 0 K, the molar enthalpy of vaporization at 332. 0 K is 29. 54 kJmol-1, the molar heat capacity of Br2(l) is 75. 69 JK-1mol-1 and the molar heat capacity of Br2(g) is 36. 02 JK-1mol-1. (10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) ( ) () Answers) Standard molar entropy ? 3 pts) And () ( ) (? ( ) -Liquid to boiling point ( -At boiling point ) ( ) ( -Gas ( ) ( ) ) () ( ) ( ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect.7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. 4) (15 pts) a) (5 pts. No partial points) Derive the partial derivative of S with respect to T at constant P in terms of Cp and T. ) ( ) ( ) From > ( ) ( ) ( ) From (1) and (2), And ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ] ——-(2) ( ) ( ) ——-(1) Answers) Total derivative of > ( ) (5 pts. No partial points) b) (2 pts. No partial points) What is the natural variables of U? Answers) S and V c) (2 pts. No partial points) Express dU in terms of dS, dV, T, P. (Answers: dU = TdS – PdV) Answers) d) (6 pts, No partial points) Consider V and T to be the independent variables of U. Derive the expression of dU in terms of dV, dT, P, T, V, CV. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) , V and T are independent to U. ) 5) (20 pts) a) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (1 pt) ( ) (2 pts) (3 pts) ) (5 pts) b) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) (1 pt) ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) (3 pts) (5 pts) c) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) (1 pt) ) ( [( ) ] ( [( ) ] ) ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [( ) [( ) ( ) ] (3 pts) [( ) ] ] (5 pts) ] d) (5 pts) Derive the following equation and express q0 of c) as a function of T, V, etc. for the ca se of a diatomic molecule. Answer) ( ? ) ? ? ( )? ? ( ) ? [ ? ( )? ] ( ] ( ) [( (2 pt) ( ) ) ] [( ) ] ? ( ) [( ( ) ) ( ) [( ) ] (5 pts) 6) (20 pts)Consider the following reaction. a) (5 pts) What is ? rH of this reaction at 298. 15 K? Write down a numerical value with a unit. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ? fH(H2) = 0 and ? fH(N2) = 0 ? rH = ? fH(NH3) –[ 1. 5* ? fH(H2)+0. 5* ? fH(N2) ] (2 pts) =-46. 898kJ/mol (5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. 2 pts deduction for wrong unit) b) (5 pts) What is q0/V for NH3 at 298. 15 K? Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) (1 pt) ) ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) )( =4. 960*1033 m-3 (5 pts) 5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. pts deduction for wrong unit c) (5 pts. No partial points) Suppose that this reaction occurs at 500 K and a total pressure of one bar and we start with three moles of H2(g), one mole of N2(g) and no NH3(g). Express G(? ) in terms of only ? and numerical values. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )[ ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ] ( ( ) ) ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [( ( ) d) (5 pts. No partial points) Calculate the ? value at equilibrium and KP. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) (3 pts) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) (2 pts)